Egg intake in relation to metabolic health status, serum brain derived neurotrophic factor, and adropin levels in Iranian adults

Abarca-Gómez, L. et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 390, 2627–2642 (2017).
Google Scholar
Iacobini, C., Pugliese, G., Fantauzzi, C. B., Federici, M. & Menini, S. Metabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy obesity. Metabolism 92, 51–60 (2019).
Google Scholar
Primeau, V. et al. Characterizing the profile of obese patients who are metabolically healthy. Int. J. Obes. 35, 971–981 (2011).
Google Scholar
Rey-López, J. P., De Rezende, L., Pastor-Valero, M. & Tess, B. H. The prevalence of metabolically healthy obesity: a systematic review and critical evaluation of the definitions used. Obes. Rev. 15, 781–790 (2014).
Google Scholar
Tabatabaei-Malazy, O. et al. Association between being metabolically healthy/unhealthy and metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults. Plos ONE 17, e0262246 (2022).
Google Scholar
Hajian-Tilaki, K. & Heidari, B. Metabolically healthy obese and unhealthy normal weight in Iranian adult population: Prevalence and the associated factors. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev. 12, 129–134 (2018).
Google Scholar
Blüher, M. Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocr. Rev. 41, bnaa004 (2020).
Google Scholar
Ali, I. I., D’Souza, C., Singh, J. & Adeghate, E. Adropin’s role in energy homeostasis and metabolic disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 8318 (2022).
Google Scholar
Rothman, S. M., Griffioen, K. J., Wan, R. & Mattson, M. P. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a regulator of systemic and brain energy metabolism and cardiovascular health. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1264, 49–63 (2012).
Google Scholar
Rozanska, O., Uruska, A. & Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz, D. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 841 (2020).
Google Scholar
Wu, L. et al. Low serum adropin is associated with coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 52, 751–758 (2014).
Google Scholar
Han, W. et al. Alterations of irisin, adropin, preptin and BDNF concentrations in coronary heart disease patients comorbid with depression. Ann. Transl. Med. 7, 298. (2019).
Google Scholar
St-Onge, M. P. et al. Fasting plasma adropin concentrations correlate with fat consumption in human females. Obesity 22, 1056–1063 (2014).
Google Scholar
Stevens, J. R. et al. Inverse association between carbohydrate consumption and plasma adropin concentrations in humans. Obesity 24, 1731–1740 (2016).
Google Scholar
Fujie, S. et al. Aerobic exercise training-induced changes in serum adropin level are associated with reduced arterial stiffness in middle-aged and older adults. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 309, H1642–H1647 (2015).
Google Scholar
Walsh, J. J. & Tschakovsky, M. E. Exercise and circulating BDNF: Mechanisms of release and implications for the design of exercise interventions. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 43, 1095–1104 (2018).
Google Scholar
Gravesteijn, E., Mensink, R. P. & Plat, J. Effects of nutritional interventions on BDNF concentrations in humans: a systematic review. Nutr. Neurosci. 25, 1425–1436 (2022).
Google Scholar
Butler, A. A. et al. Differential responses of plasma adropin concentrations to dietary glucose or fructose consumption in humans. Sci. Rep. 5, 14691. (2015).
Google Scholar
Nakajima, T. et al. Ovomemolins: Egg-derived peptides that improved cognitive decline after oral administration in mice. FASEB Bioadv. 6, 177–188. (2024).
Google Scholar
Chen, X. et al. Consuming egg yolk decreases body weight and increases serum HDL and brain expression of TrkB in male SD rats. J. Sci. Food Agric. 99, 3879–3885. (2019).
Google Scholar
Castro-Barquero, S., Ruiz-León, A. M., Sierra-Pérez, M., Estruch, R. & Casas, R. Dietary strategies for metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review. Nutrients 12, 2983 (2020).
Google Scholar
Camhi, S. M., Crouter, S. E., Hayman, L. L., Must, A. & Lichtenstein, A. H. Lifestyle behaviors in metabolically healthy and unhealthy overweight and obese women: a preliminary study. PloS ONE 10, e0138548 (2015).
Google Scholar
Hajihashemi, P. et al. The long-term association of different dietary protein sources with metabolic syndrome. Sci. Rep. 11, 19394 (2021).
Google Scholar
Ballesteros, M. N. et al. One egg per day improves inflammation when compared to an oatmeal-based breakfast without increasing other cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetic patients. Nutrients 7, 3449–3463 (2015).
Google Scholar
Balkan, F. Metabolik sendrom. Ankara Med. J. 13, 85–90 (2013).
Park, S.-J., Jung, J.-H., Choi, S.-W. & Lee, H.-J. Association between egg consumption and metabolic disease. Korean J. Food Sci. Anim. Resour. 38, 209 (2018).
Google Scholar
Jurado-Fasoli, L., Castillo, M. J. & Amaro-Gahete, F. J. Dietary differences between metabolically healthy overweight-obese and metabolically unhealthy overweight-obese adults. Br. J. Nutr. 122, 1113–1119 (2019).
Google Scholar
Poursalehi, D. et al. Diet in relation to metabolic, sleep and psychological health status (DiMetS): protocol for a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 13, e076114 (2023).
Google Scholar
Rahmanian, K., Shojaei, M. & Sotoodeh Jahromi, A. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of metabolically unhealthy obesity in an Iranian adult population. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 12, 1387–1395. (2019).
Google Scholar
Willett, W. Nutritional Epidemiology (Oxford University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar
Mirmiran, P., Esfahani, F. H., Mehrabi, Y., Hedayati, M. & Azizi, F. Reliability and relative validity of an FFQ for nutrients in the Tehran lipid and glucose study. Public Health Nutr. 13, 654–662 (2010).
Google Scholar
Ghafarpour, M., Houshiar-Rad, A., Kianfar, H. & Ghaffarpour, M. (Tehran: Keshavarzi Press, 1999).
Gibson, R. S. Principles of Nutritional Assessment (Oxford University Press, 2005).
Google Scholar
Swaroop, J. J., Rajarajeswari, D. & Naidu, J. N. Association of TNF-α with insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J. Med. Res. 135, 127–130. (2012).
Google Scholar
Sanchez-Villegas, A. et al. The effect of the Mediterranean diet on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels: the PREDIMED-NAVARRA randomized trial. Nutr. Neurosci. 14, 195–201. (2011).
Google Scholar
Wildman, R. P. et al. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering: prevalence and correlates of 2 phenotypes among the US population (NHANES 1999–2004). Arch. Intern. Med. 168, 1617–1624 (2008).
Google Scholar
Garmaroudi, G. R. & Moradi, A. Socio-economic status in Iran: a study of measurement index. Payesh (Health Monitor) 9, 137–144 (2010).
Google Scholar
Moghaddam, M. B. et al. The Iranian version of international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) in Iran: content and construct validity, factor structure, internal consistency and stability. World Appl. Sci. J 18, 1073–1080 (2012).
Google Scholar
Montazeri, A., Vahdaninia, M., Ebrahimi, M. & Jarvandi, S. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes 1, 14. (2003).
Google Scholar
Montazeri, A. et al. The 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes 1, 66. (2003).
Google Scholar
Ding, J. Relationship between egg consumption and metabolic syndrome. A meta-analysis of observational studies. J. Nutr. Health Aging 26, 373–382 (2022).
Google Scholar
Ogden, C. L., Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D. & Johnson, C. L. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. Jama 288, 1728–1732 (2002).
Google Scholar
Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 894, i-xii, 1-253 (2000).
Wilson, P. W., D’Agostino, R. B., Sullivan, L., Parise, H. & Kannel, W. B. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch. Intern. Med. 162, 1867–1872 (2002).
Google Scholar
Wang, H. et al. Association between egg consumption and metabolic syndrome in Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 11, e050317 (2021).
Google Scholar
Woo, H. W., Choi, B. Y. & Kim, M. K. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between egg consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults≥ 40 years old: the Yangpyeong cohort of the Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES_Yangpyeong). PLoS ONE 11, e0147729 (2016).
Google Scholar
Zhao, R. et al. Changes in fitness of rural primary school students from Southwest China after two-year’s nutrition intervention. Nutrients 13, 3544 (2021).
Google Scholar
Lee, J. & Kim, J. Egg consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older men. Nutr. Res. Pract. 12, 396–405. (2018).
Google Scholar
Joyce, K. E. et al. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin, and incident diabetes among older men: the cardiovascular health study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 102, 33–39 (2017).
Google Scholar
Stellato, R. K., Feldman, H. A., Hamdy, O., Horton, E. S. & McKinlay, J. B. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, and the development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Diabetes Care 23, 490–494 (2000).
Google Scholar
Selvin, E. et al. Androgens and diabetes in men: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Diabetes Care 30, 234–238 (2007).
Google Scholar
Vandenput, L. et al. Androgens and glucuronidated androgen metabolites are associated with metabolic risk factors in men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 4130–4137 (2007).
Google Scholar
Fan, W. et al. Androgen receptor null male mice develop late-onset obesity caused by decreased energy expenditure and lipolytic activity but show normal insulin sensitivity with high adiponectin secretion. Diabetes 54, 1000–1008 (2005).
Google Scholar
Mohr, B. A., Bhasin, S., Link, C. L., O’Donnell, A. B. & McKinlay, J. B. The effect of changes in adiposity on testosterone levels in older men: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 155, 443–452 (2006).
Google Scholar
Rodriguez, A. et al. Aging, androgens, and the metabolic syndrome in a longitudinal study of aging. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 3568–3572 (2007).
Google Scholar
Rizzi, C. & Marangon, A. Quality of organic eggs of hybrid and Italian breed hens. Poult. Sci. 91, 2330–2340 (2012).
Google Scholar
Shirouchi, B. & Matsuoka, R. Alleviation of metabolic syndrome with dietary egg white protein. J. Oleo Sci. 68, 517–524 (2019).
Google Scholar
Mutungi, G. et al. Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases plasma HDL cholesterol in overweight men consuming a carbohydrate-restricted diet, 2. J. Nutr. 138, 272–276 (2008).
Google Scholar
Cornier, M.-A. et al. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr. Rev. 29, 777–822 (2008).
Google Scholar
link