Effects of different types of intermittent fasting on metabolic outcomes: an umbrella review and network meta-analysis | BMC Medicine

0
Effects of different types of intermittent fasting on metabolic outcomes: an umbrella review and network meta-analysis | BMC Medicine
  • Noubiap JJ, Nansseu JR, Lontchi-Yimagou E, Nkeck JR, Nyaga UF, Ngouo AT, et al. Geographic distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components in the general adult population: a meta-analysis of global data from 28 million individuals. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;188:109924.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Regufe VM, Pinto CM, Perez PM. Metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetic patients: a review of current evidence. Porto Biomed J. 2020;5(6):e101.

  • Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, Erwin PJ, Gami LA, Somers VK, Montori VM. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(4):403–14.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism. 2016;65(8):1038–48.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisegang K, Henkel R, Agarwal A. Obesity and metabolic syndrome associated with systemic inflammation and the impact on the male reproductive system. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2019;82(5):e13178.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishehsari F, Voigt RM, Keshavarzian A. Circadian rhythms and the gut microbiota: from the metabolic syndrome to cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(12):731–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Zheng X, Zong X, Li Z, Li N, Hur J, et al. Metabolic syndrome, metabolic comorbid conditions and risk of early-onset colorectal cancer. Gut. 2021;70(6):1147–54.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Hoffmann G, Schwedhelm C, Boeing H. A network meta-analysis on the comparative efficacy of different dietary approaches on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33:157–70.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Schwedhelm C, Toledo E, Pünsch M, Hoffmann G, Boeing H. Comparative effects of different dietary approaches on blood pressure in hypertensive and pre-hypertensive patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(16):2674–87.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ge L, Sadeghirad B, Ball GD, da Costa BR, Hitchcock CL, Svendrovski A, et al. Comparison of dietary macronutrient patterns of 14 popular named dietary programmes for weight and cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2020;369:m696.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuenschwander M, Hoffmann G, Schwingshackl L, Schlesinger S. Impact of different dietary approaches on blood lipid control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34:837–52.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Varady K. Intermittent versus daily calorie restriction: which diet regimen is more effective for weight loss? Obes Rev. 2011;12(7):e593–601.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rynders CA, Thomas EA, Zaman A, Pan Z, Catenacci VA, Melanson EL. Effectiveness of intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding compared to continuous energy restriction for weight loss. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2442.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Alhamdan B, Garcia-Alvarez A, Alzahrnai A, Karanxha J, Stretchberry D, Contrera K, et al. Alternate-day versus daily energy restriction diets: which is more effective for weight loss? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Sci Pract. 2016;2(3):293–302.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • He S, Wang J, Zhang J, Xu J. Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction for weight loss and metabolic improvement: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Obesity. 2021;29(1):108–15.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Veettil SK, Wong TY, Loo YS, Playdon MC, Lai NM, Giovannucci EL, Chaiyakunapruk N. Role of diet in colorectal cancer incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. JAMA Net Open. 2021;4(2):e2037341.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuenschwander M, Ballon A, Weber KS, Norat T, Aune D, Schwingshackl L, Schlesinger S. Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. BMJ. 2019;366:l2368.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, et al. AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ. 2017;358:j4008.

  • Baker WL, Bennetts M, Coleman CI, Cappelleri JC. Appraising Evidence. In: Biondi-Zoccai, G, editor. Umbrella reviews: evidence synthesis with overviews of reviews and meta-epidemiologic studies. Cham: Springer; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25655-9_9.

  • Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, Olajide J, De Brún C, Waller G, et al. Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI Evidence Synthesis. 2018;16(2):507–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini M, Cioffi I, Evangelista A, Ponzo V, Goitre I, Ciccone G, et al. Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight and metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020;21:17–33.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Mendonca GV. Effects of intermittent fasting on specific exercise performance outcomes: a systematic review including meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1390.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon S, Kang J, Kim SH, Chung HS, Kim YJ, Yu JM, et al. Beneficial effects of time-restricted eating on metabolic diseases: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1267.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Meng H, Zhu L, Kord-Varkaneh H, Santos HO, Tinsley GM, Fu P. Effects of intermittent fasting and energy-restricted diets on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition. 2020;77:110801.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cui Y, Cai T, Zhou Z, Mu Y, Lu Y, Gao Z, et al. Health effects of alternate-day fasting in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2020;7:586036.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Park J, Seo Y-G, Paek Y-J, Song HJ, Park KH, Noh H-M. Effect of alternate-day fasting on obesity and cardiometabolic risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2020;111:154336.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgundvaag E, Mak J, Kramer CK. Metabolic impact of intermittent fasting in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106(3):902–11.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Gaeini Z, Moslehi N, Azizi F. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on lipid and lipoprotein parameters: An updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(9):906–15.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cioffi I, Evangelista A, Ponzo V, Ciccone G, Soldati L, Santarpia L, et al. Intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss and cardiometabolic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Transl Med. 2018;16(1):1–15.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Tinsley GM, Asbaghi O, Paoli A, Moro T. Effects of intermittent fasting combined with resistance training on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav. 2021;237:113453.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernando HA, Zibellini J, Harris RA, Seimon RV, Sainsbury A. Effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition in healthy non-athlete adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):478.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Li Q, Liu Y, Jiang H, Chen W. Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy-restricted diet for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome for glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;179:109003.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris L, McGarty A, Hutchison L, Ells L, Hankey C. Short-term intermittent energy restriction interventions for weight management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2018;19(1):1–13.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yin C, Li Z, Xiang Y, Peng H, Yang P, Yuan S, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2021;8:709683.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang F, Liu C, Liu X, Pan X, Li X, Tian L, et al. Effect of epidemic intermittent fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2021;8:69325.

  • Chen J-H, Lu LW, Ge Q, Feng D, Yu J, Liu B, et al. Missing puzzle pieces of time-restricted-eating (TRE) as a long-term weight-loss strategy in overweight and obese people? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(15):2331–47.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwingshackl L, Zähringer J, Nitschke K, Torbahn G, Lohner S, Kühn T, et al. Impact of intermittent energy restriction on anthropometric outcomes and intermediate disease markers in patients with overweight and obesity: systematic review and meta-analyses. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;61(8):1293–304.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahrami HA, Faris ME, Janahi AI, Janahi MI, Abdelrahim DN, Madkour MI, et al. Does four-week consecutive, dawn-to-sunset intermittent fasting during Ramadan affect cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy adults? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(8):2273–301.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pureza IRDOM, de Lima MM, da Silva AE Jr, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Bueno NB. Effect of early time-restricted feeding on the metabolic profile of adults with excess weight: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(4):1788–99.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahrami HA, Alsibai J, Clark CC, Faris ME. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on body weight in healthy subjects aged 16 years and above. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(6):2291–316.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahrami HA, Alsibai J, Obaideen AA. Impact of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting on the metabolic syndrome components in healthy, non-athletic Muslim people aged over 15 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2020;123(1):1–22.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman YM, Dominguez MC, Easow TM, Pasupuleti V, White CM, Hernandez AV. Effects of intermittent versus continuous dieting on weight and body composition in obese and overweight people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes. 2019;43(10):2017–27.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahrami H, BaHammam A, Kalaji Z, Madkour M, Hassanein M. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on glucometabolic markers in healthy subjects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;165:108226.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho Y, Hong N, Kim KW, Cho SJ, Lee M, Lee YH, et al. The effectiveness of intermittent fasting to reduce body mass index and glucose metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10):1645.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Headland M, Clifton PM, Carter S, Keogh JB. Weight-loss outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intermittent energy restriction trials lasting a minimum of 6 months. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):354.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Silva AM, Mendonca GV. Effects of ramadan and non-ramadan intermittent fasting on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2021;7:625240.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Zhang C, Wang H, Ma Z, Liu D, Guan X, et al. Intermittent fasting versus continuous calorie restriction: which is better for weight loss? Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1781.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi JH, Cho YJ, Kim H-J, Ko S-H, Chon S, Kang J-H, et al. Effect of carbohydrate-restricted diets and intermittent fasting on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension management: consensus statement of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2022;28(1):26.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Yuan X, Wang J, Yang S, Gao M, Cao L, Li X, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting diet on glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in patients with impaired glucose and lipid metabolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Endocrinol. 2022;2022:6999907.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu L, Chen W, Wu D, Hu F. Metabolic efficacy of time-restricted eating in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(12):3428–41.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Wei R, Pan Q, Guo L. Beneficial effect of time-restricted eating on blood pressure: a systematic meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Nutr Metab. 2022;19(1):77.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Boukhris O, Glenn JM, Clark CC, Stannard SR, et al. Dietary intake and body composition during Ramadan in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. J Am Nutr Assoc. 2023;42(1):101–22.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Elortegui Pascual P, Rolands MR, Eldridge AL, Kassis A, Mainardi F, Lê KA, et al. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of alternate day fasting, the 5: 2 diet, and time-restricted eating for weight loss. Obesity. 2023;31:9–21.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim K-K, Kang J-H, Kim EM. Updated meta-analysis of studies from 2011 to 2021 comparing the effectiveness of intermittent energy restriction and continuous energy restriction. Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome. 2022;31(3):230–44.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu L, Fu R, Hong J, Ni H, Yu K, Lou H. Effects of intermittent fasting in human compared to a non-intervention diet and caloric restriction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr. 2022;9:871682.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Wang F, Chen H, Liu L, Zhang S, Luo W, et al. Comparison of the effects of intermittent energy restriction and continuous energy restriction among adults with overweight or obesity: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Nutrients. 2022;14(11):2315.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, Kunz R, Vist G, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction—GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383–94.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence—study limitations (risk of bias). J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):407–15.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Viguiliouk E, Glenn AJ, Nishi SK, Chiavaroli L, Seider M, Khan T, et al. Associations between dietary pulses alone or with other legumes and cardiometabolic disease outcomes: an umbrella review and updated systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Advances. Nutrition. 2019;10(Supplement_4):S308–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 7. rating the quality of evidence—inconsistency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1294–302.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence—indirectness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1303–10.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, Alonso-Coello P, Rind D, et al. GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence—imprecision. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(12):1283–93.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Montori V, Vist G, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence—publication bias. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2011;64(12):1277–82.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandis N, Fleming PS, Worthington H, Salanti G. The quality of the evidence according to GRADE is predominantly low or very low in oral health systematic reviews. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131644.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins JP, Sterne JA, Savovic J, Page MJ, Hróbjartsson A, Boutron I, et al. A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;10(Suppl 1):29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolakopoulou A, Higgins JP, Papakonstantinou T, Chaimani A, Del Giovane C, Egger M, Salanti G. CINeMA: an approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(4):e1003082.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4002.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Noetel M, Sanders T, Gallardo-Gómez D, Taylor P, del Pozo Cruz B, Van Den Hoek D, et al. Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2024;384:e075847.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Lavie CJ, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. Effects of clinically significant weight loss with exercise training on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic adaptations. Obesity. 2016;24(4):812–9.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Sawan C, Macko RF, Furie KL. Obesity: a stubbornly obvious target for stroke prevention. Stroke. 2013;44(1):278–86.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gao M, Piernas C, Astbury NM, Hippisley-Cox J, O’Rahilly S, Aveyard P, Jebb SA. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6· 9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(6):350–9.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Heymsfield SB, Gonzalez MC, Shen W, Redman L, Thomas D. Weight loss composition is one-fourth fat-free mass: a critical review and critique of this widely cited rule. Obes Rev. 2014;15(4):310–21.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin S. The practical guide to the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Clin Nurse Spec. 2002;16(3):164.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamler J. The INTERSALT study: background, methods, findings, and implications. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(2):626S-S642.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Group UPDS. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). The lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Jayedi A, Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Jabbarzadeh B, Hosseini Y, Jibril AT, Shahinfar H, et al. Dose-dependent effect of carbohydrate restriction for type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;116(1):40–56.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenters-Westra E, Schindhelm R, Bilo H, Groenier K, Slingerland R. Differences in interpretation of haemoglobin A1c values among diabetes care professionals. Neth J Med. 2014;72(9):462–6.

    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason SA, Keske MA, Wadley GD. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(2):618–30.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Expert Panel on Detection E. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486–97.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahilly-Tierney CR, Lawler EV, Scranton RE, Gaziano JM. Cardiovascular benefit of magnitude of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction: a comparison of subgroups by age. Circulation. 2009;120(15):1491–7.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon DJ, Probstfield JL, Garrison RJ, Neaton JD, Castelli WP, Knoke JD, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease Four prospective American studies. Circulation. 1989;79(1):8–15.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Grasgruber P, Hrazdíra E. Nutritional and socio-economic predictors of adult height in 152 world populations. Econ Hum Biol. 2020;37:100848.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan DH, Yockey SR. Weight loss and improvement in comorbidity: differences at 5%, 10%, 15%, and over. Curr Obes Rep. 2017;6:187–94.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VJ. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Hoboken: Wiley; 2019.

  • Chen TT, Tu YK. Statistical models for overviews of reviews. In: Biondi-Zoccai G, editor. Umbrella reviews: evidence synthesis with overviews of reviews and meta-epidemiologic studies. Cham: Springer; 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25655-9_10.

  • Beaulieu K, Casanova N, Oustric P, Hopkins M, Varady K, Finlayson G, Gibbons C. An exploratory investigation of the impact of “fast” and “feed” days during intermittent energy restriction on free-living energy balance behaviours and subjective states in women with overweight/obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2021;75(3):430–7.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray KL, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. The effect of intermittent energy restriction on weight loss and diabetes risk markers in women with a history of gestational diabetes: a 12-month randomized control trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):794–803.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pureza IR, da Silva Junior AE, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, de Lima Macena M, de Melo ISV, et al. Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight, body composition and vital signs in low-income women with obesity: a 12-month randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(3):759–66.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger FL, Donnelly JE, Hull HR, Li X, Hu J, Sullivan DK. Intermittent and continuous energy restriction result in similar weight loss, weight loss maintenance, and body composition changes in a 6 month randomized pilot study. Clin Obes. 2021;11(2):e12430.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Templeman I, Smith HA, Chowdhury E, Chen YC, Carroll H, Johnson-Bonson D, et al. A randomized controlled trial to isolate the effects of fasting and energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic health in lean adults. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(598):eabd8034.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu K, Casanova N, Oustric P, Turicchi J, Gibbons C, Hopkins M, et al. Matched weight loss through intermittent or continuous energy restriction does not lead to compensatory increases in appetite and eating behavior in a randomized controlled trial in women with overweight and obesity. J Nutr. 2020;150(3):623–33.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunduraci YE, Ozbek H. Does the energy restriction intermittent fasting diet alleviate metabolic syndrome biomarkers? A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3213.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowe DA, Wu N, Rohdin-Bibby L, Moore AH, Kelly N, Liu YE, et al. Effects of time-restricted eating on weight loss and other metabolic parameters in women and men with overweight and obesity: the treat randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(11):1491–9.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Pureza I, Melo ISV, Macena ML, Praxedes DRS, Vasconcelos LGL, Silva-Júnior AE, et al. Acute effects of time-restricted feeding in low-income women with obesity placed on hypoenergetic diets: randomized trial. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). 2020;77:110796.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Razavi R, Parvaresh A, Abbasi B, Yaghoobloo K, Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadifard N, et al. The alternate-day fasting diet is a more effective approach than a calorie restriction diet on weight loss and hs-CRP levels. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2021;91(3-4):242–50.

  • Gabel K, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Hoddy KK, Cienfuegos S, Kalam F, Varady KA. Differential effects of alternate-day fasting versus daily calorie restriction on insulin resistance. Obesity. 2019;27(9):1443–50.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Headland ML, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Effect of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on weight loss and weight maintenance after 12 months in healthy overweight or obese adults. Int J Obesity (2005). 2019;43(10):2028–36.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai H, Qin YL, Shi ZY, Chen JH, Zeng MJ, Zhou W, et al. Effects of alternate-day fasting on body weight and dyslipidaemia in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol. 2019;19(1):219.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter S, Clifton P, Keogh J. The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: 24-month follow-up of a randomised noninferiority trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;151:11–9.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Cho A-R, Moon J-Y, Kim S, An K-Y, Oh M, Jeon JY, et al. Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Metabolism. 2019;93:52–60.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison AT, Liu B, Wood RE, Vincent AD, Thompson CH, O’Callaghan NJ, et al. Effects of intermittent versus continuous energy intakes on insulin sensitivity and metabolic risk in women with overweight. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2019;27(1):50–8.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Johari MI, Yusoff K, Haron J, Nadarajan C, Ibrahim KN, Wong MS, et al. A randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness and adherence of modified alternate-day calorie restriction in improving activity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):11232.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Parvaresh A, Razavi R, Abbasi B, Yaghoobloo K, Hassanzadeh A, Mohammadifard N, et al. Modified alternate-day fasting vs. calorie restriction in the treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2019;47:102187.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stekovic S, Hofer SJ, Tripolt N, Aon MA, Royer P, Pein L, et al. Alternate day fasting improves physiological and molecular markers of aging in healthy. Non-obese Hum Cell Metab. 2019;30(3):462-76.e6.

    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen J, Brindal E, James-Martin G, Noakes M. Randomized trial of a high protein, partial meal replacement program with or without alternate day fasting: similar effects on weight loss, retention status, nutritional, metabolic, and behavioral outcomes. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1145.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. Effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restricted diet on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized noninferiority trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(3):e180756.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Conley M, Le Fevre L, Haywood C, Proietto J. Is two days of intermittent energy restriction per week a feasible weight loss approach in obese males? A randomised pilot study. Nutr Diet. 2018;75(1):65–72.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutinho SR, Halset EH, Gåsbakk S, Rehfeld JF, Kulseng B, Truby H, Martins C. Compensatory mechanisms activated with intermittent energy restriction: a randomized control trial. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2018;37(3):815–23.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Oh M, Kim S, An K-Y, Min J, Yang HI, Lee J, et al. Effects of alternate day calorie restriction and exercise on cardio-metabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults: an exploratory randomized controlled study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1–10.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Schübel R, Nattenmüller J, Sookthai D, Nonnenmacher T, Graf ME, Riedl L, et al. Effects of intermittent and continuous calorie restriction on body weight and metabolism over 50 wk: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;108(5):933–45.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundfør TM, Svendsen M, Tonstad S. Effect of intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on weight loss, maintenance and cardiometabolic risk: a randomized 1-year trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(7):698–706.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, Cefalu WT, Ravussin E, Peterson CM. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell Metab. 2018;27(6):1212-21.e3.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnosky A, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, et al. Effect of alternate day fasting on markers of bone metabolism: an exploratory analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Nutrition and healthy aging. 2017;4(3):255–63.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinsley GM, Forsse JS, Butler NK, Paoli A, Bane AA, La Bounty PM, et al. Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17(2):200–7.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, Klempel MC, Bhutani S, Hoddy KK, et al. Effect of alternate-day fasting on weight loss, weight maintenance, and cardioprotection among metabolically healthy obese adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(7):930–8.

    Article 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter S, Clifton PM, Keogh JB. The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;122:106–12.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, Brannon S, Gozansky WS, Mattson MP, et al. A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. Obesity. 2016;24(9):1874–83.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, et al. Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. J Trans Med. 2016;14(1):290.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Betts JA, Richardson JD, Chowdhury EA, Holman GD, Tsintzas K, Thompson D. The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in lean adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(2):539–47.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity. 2013;21(7):1370–9.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvie M, Wright C, Pegington M, McMullan D, Mitchell E, Martin B, et al. The effect of intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction v. daily energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers in overweight women. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(8):1534–47.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2013;12:1–8.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvie MN, Pegington M, Mattson MP, Frystyk J, Dillon B, Evans G, et al. The effects of intermittent or continuous energy restriction on weight loss and metabolic disease risk markers: a randomized trial in young overweight women. Int J Obes. 2011;35(5):714–27.

    Article 
    CAS 

    Google Scholar 

  • Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM. Comparison of effects of diet versus exercise weight loss regimens on LDL and HDL particle size in obese adults. Lipids Health Dis. 2011;10:1–5.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Stote KS, Baer DJ, Spears K, Paul DR, Harris GK, Rumpler WV, et al. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):981–8.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasim I, Majeed CN, DeBoer MD. Intermittent fasting and metabolic health. Nutrients. 2022;14:3.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski B, Zalewska K, Węsierska A, Sokołowska MM, Socha M, Liczner G, et al. Intermittent fasting in cardiovascular disorders—an overview. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):673.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 
    PubMed Central 

    Google Scholar 

  • Albosta M, Bakke J. Intermittent fasting: is there a role in the treatment of diabetes? A review of the literature and guide for primary care physicians. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;7(1):1–12.

    Article 

    Google Scholar 

  • Santos HO, Macedo RC. Impact of intermittent fasting on the lipid profile: assessment associated with diet and weight loss. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2018;24:14–21.

    Article 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • Termannsen AD, Varming A, van Elst C, Bjerre N, Nørgaard O, Hempler NF, et al. Feasibility of time-restricted eating in individuals with overweight, obesity, prediabetes, or type 2 diabetes: a systematic scoping review. Obesity. 2023;31(6):1463–85.

    Article 
    CAS 
    PubMed 

    Google Scholar 

  • link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *